By Elizabeth Benson
Cushing’s disease, also known as hyperadrenocorticism (HAC), is a condition in which excessive adrenal hormones are produced in pets. This disorder can be caused by abnormal pituitary gland function, tumors of the adrenal gland, or the use of high levels of doctor-prescribed steroids.
What is Cushing’s Disease?
The majority of Cushing’s disease cases, accounting for about 80%, are pituitary-dependent HAC. This is a slowly progressive disease, and the early signs are often unnoticed. Some common symptoms include increased appetite, increased drinking and urination, reduced activity, and a swollen abdomen.
Diagnosing Cushing’s disease requires extensive laboratory tests, radiographs (x-rays), and ultrasounds to find the cause and plan treatment.
What Symptoms Can Present as the Disease Progresses?
Early Stages
- Progressive weakness of the hind limbs
- Worn nails
- Difficult rising
- Stumbling
- Knuckling of the toes
- Scuffing hind feet
- Wearing of the inner digits of the rear paws
- Loss of muscle in the rear legs
- Tremors of the rear legs
Late Stages
- Persistent early-stage symptoms
- Urinary and fecal incontinence
- Eventual front leg weakness from compensatory strain
- Mental stress/anxiety
- Pressure sores on bony prominences
- Inability to rise
- Muscle atrophy
- Poor hygiene-soiled appearance
- Pneumonia
- Depression
- Infection/sepsis
- Constipation
- Organ failure
Crisis – Immediate veterinary assistance needed regardless of the disease
- Difficulty breathing
- Prolonged seizures
- Uncontrollable vomiting/diarrhea
- Sudden collapse
- Profuse bleeding – internal or external
- Crying/whining from pain*
*It is important to note that most animals will instinctually hide their pain. Vocalization of any sort that is out of the ordinary for your pet may indicate that their pain and anxiety have become too much for them to bear. If your pet vocalizes due to pain or anxiety, please consult with your tending veterinarian immediately.
Common Signs of Pain
Pets with Cushing’s disease may exhibit various signs of pain, including panting, lameness, difficulty sleeping, pacing, abnormal posture, body tensing, poor grooming habits, tucked tail, dilated pupils, licking sore spots, muscle atrophy, decreased appetite, vocalizing/yowling, reclusive behavior, aggressive behavior, avoiding stairs/jumping, feeling depressed, or being unable to stand.
How is Cushing’s Disease Treated?
The treatment for Cushing’s disease varies for each animal. Some animals respond well to medical management alone, while others require both surgical and medical treatment. It is important to note that treatment aims to control the disease rather than cure it.
Medical treatment options include the use of medications such as mitotane (Lysodren) or trilostane. Close monitoring is necessary for pets on these medications. In cases of non-invasive adrenal tumors, surgical removal is often the best course of action. It is important to avoid suppressing adrenal hormones too much, as this can lead to a life-threatening condition called Addison’s disease if left untreated.
What Is the Prognosis for Cushing’s Disease?
Unfortunately, the long-term prognosis for pets with Cushing’s disease is poor, and most animals are euthanized within 6 months to 3 years of diagnosis. As the disease progresses to the point of permanent paraplegia, mobility becomes severely compromised. In such cases where the patient can no longer walk and mobility carts are not an option, long-term hospice care or euthanasia should be considered.
A personalized treatment plan is crucial to slow the progression of degenerative myelopathy. It is recommended to consult with your veterinarian to determine the best treatment protocol for your pet.
Frequently Asked Questions
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Conclusion
Cushing’s disease is a complex condition that requires careful management and treatment. By understanding the symptoms and seeking veterinary care, you can help your furry friend live a more comfortable life. Remember to consult with your veterinarian for personalized advice and guidance.
For more information on Cushing’s disease and how to support your pet’s health, visit Pawsoha.